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2. “兩短”

(1) 形容詞

【定義】形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞，往往帶有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后綴。

【常見位置】

① 一般置于名詞之前，如a beautiful park。

② 修飾不定代詞(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)時(shí)置于不定代詞之后，如“一些有趣的事”應(yīng)譯為something interesting。

(2) 副詞

【定義】副詞用來修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞等詞，往往帶有-ly等后綴。

【常見位置】英語中，副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。

① 可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.

② 可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.

③ 可置于“助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前”，如：

The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系動(dòng)詞之后)

He immediately saw the black cat. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)

He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)

He can hardly speak anything. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)

④ 可置于形容詞或副詞之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

從上面的分析可以看出，雖然英文中形容詞和副詞的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情況下，它們較短且易于辨識，對句意理解影響不大，因此在給修飾成分做標(biāo)記時(shí)，形容詞和副詞可不標(biāo)記。

3. 平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)

【定義】并行并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指由并列詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上含義相似、結(jié)構(gòu)相同的并列項(xiàng)連接起來構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【標(biāo)記方法】給平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)做標(biāo)記的要求是：給并列詞加方框，給并列項(xiàng)加下劃線。標(biāo)記時(shí)要先找到并列詞，然后再找并列項(xiàng)。在標(biāo)注形如A and B的平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，應(yīng)先找B (即右并列項(xiàng))后找A (即左并列項(xiàng))。由于英語中的修飾成分往往置于中心詞之后，所以A和B兩個(gè)并列項(xiàng)后面可能各自帶有很長的尾巴，形成“A … and B …”的形式，導(dǎo)致A離and相對較遠(yuǎn)，不易辨認(rèn)，而B通常離and很近，容易識別。找到B之后，利用A和B結(jié)構(gòu)相同、含義相似的原則，很容易將A確定出來。

【常見并列關(guān)系】

英語中可以并列的成分有很多，讀句子時(shí)要注意識別到底是誰跟誰并列。

① 名詞并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.

② 形容詞并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

③ 副詞并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.

④ 謂語動(dòng)詞并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.

⑤ 介詞短語并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

⑥ 從句并列： I’ve finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).

⑦ 非謂語動(dòng)詞并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.

⑧ 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.